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          细胞的统一性与多样性
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            <p>细胞生物学 第2章 细胞的统一性与多样性</p>
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<hr>
<h2 id="2-细胞基本知识概要"><a href="#2-细胞基本知识概要" class="headerlink" title="2  细胞基本知识概要"></a>2  细胞基本知识概要</h2><h3 id="2-1-细胞的基本概念"><a href="#2-1-细胞的基本概念" class="headerlink" title="2.1 细胞的基本概念"></a>2.1 细胞的基本概念</h3><h4 id="细胞的概念"><a href="#细胞的概念" class="headerlink" title="细胞的概念"></a>细胞的概念</h4><p>细胞是生命活动的基本单位</p>
<ul>
<li>构成有机体的基本单位</li>
<li>代谢与功能的基本单位</li>
<li>有机体生长与发育的基础</li>
<li>繁殖的基本单位，遗传的桥梁</li>
<li>生命起源的归宿，生物进化的起点</li>
<li>物质（结构）、能量与信息过程精巧结合的综合体</li>
<li>高度有序、具有自组装能力的自组织体系</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="细胞的基本共性"><a href="#细胞的基本共性" class="headerlink" title="细胞的基本共性"></a>细胞的基本共性</h4><ul>
<li>相似的化学组成</li>
<li>相似的脂-蛋白体系的生物膜</li>
<li>相同的遗传装置</li>
<li>均是一分为二的分裂方式</li>
<li>均有合成蛋白质的核糖体</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="2-2-非细胞形态的生命体——病毒"><a href="#2-2-非细胞形态的生命体——病毒" class="headerlink" title="2.2 非细胞形态的生命体——病毒"></a>2.2 非细胞形态的生命体——病毒</h3><h4 id="2-2-1-病毒基本知识"><a href="#2-2-1-病毒基本知识" class="headerlink" title="2.2.1 病毒基本知识"></a>2.2.1 病毒基本知识</h4><ol>
<li>病毒特点<ul>
<li>病毒很小，结构极其简单；</li>
<li>遗传载体的多样性：有DNA病毒、RNA病毒，这两种病毒均有双链和单链之分；</li>
<li>彻底的寄生性；</li>
<li>以复制和装配的方式进行增殖。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>病毒分类<ul>
<li>根据病毒的成分分类<ul>
<li>真病毒：是由核酸与蛋白质构成的核酸-蛋白质复合体。</li>
<li>亚病毒：是仅含有核酸或者蛋白质的具有侵染性的颗粒，包括类病毒、拟病毒、卫星病毒和卫星RNA以及朊病毒</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>根据病毒感染的宿主分类<ul>
<li>动物病毒</li>
<li>植物病毒</li>
<li>细菌病毒（噬菌体）</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>根据核酸的类型分类<ul>
<li>DNA病毒：包括双链DNA病毒和单链DNA病毒。</li>
<li>RNA病毒：单链RNA病毒（包括正链RNA病毒和负链RNA病毒）；双链RNA病毒。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>根据核壳体的形态分类<ul>
<li>立体对称型病毒</li>
<li>螺旋对称型病毒</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>病毒结构</strong><ul>
<li>基本结构：核酸；蛋白质构成的衣壳。</li>
<li>特殊结构：囊膜；刺突。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>类病毒、朊病毒</p>
<h4 id="2-2-2-病毒的生活方式"><a href="#2-2-2-病毒的生活方式" class="headerlink" title="2.2.2 病毒的生活方式"></a>2.2.2 病毒的生活方式</h4><h4 id="2-2-3-病毒与细胞在起源和进化中的关系"><a href="#2-2-3-病毒与细胞在起源和进化中的关系" class="headerlink" title="2.2.3 病毒与细胞在起源和进化中的关系"></a>2.2.3 病毒与细胞在起源和进化中的关系</h4><h5 id="基本观点"><a href="#基本观点" class="headerlink" title="基本观点"></a>基本观点</h5><p>目前存在3种主要观点：</p>
<p>第一种：生物大分子——▶病毒——▶细胞</p>
<p>第二种：生物大分子——▶病毒、细胞</p>
<p>第三种：生物大分子——▶细胞——▶病毒</p>
<h5 id="观点的比较"><a href="#观点的比较" class="headerlink" title="观点的比较"></a>观点的比较</h5><ol>
<li>由于病毒彻底的寄生性，第一种观点缺乏支持；</li>
<li>由于尚不能发现病毒的化石，第二种观点缺乏充足的证据；</li>
<li>第三种观点得到了更多的实验结果的支持，例如：<ul>
<li>在原核细胞中，环形DNA分子的附加体可以以质粒的形式在细胞中复制，也可以整合在细菌的染色体中</li>
<li>真核生物中普遍存在的第二类反转录转座子的两端具有长末端重复序列（LTR），其结构与整合于细胞基因组上的反转录病毒十分相似，二者可能有相同的起源；</li>
<li>有些病毒（如腺病毒）的核酸与哺乳动物细胞DNA某些片段的碱基序列十分相似。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h5 id="结论"><a href="#结论" class="headerlink" title="结论"></a>结论</h5><p>病毒可能是细胞在特定条件下扔出的一个病毒基因组，即具有复制与转录能力的DNA或RNA，这些游离的基因组，只有回到它们原来的细胞内环境中才能进行复制与转录，发挥作用。</p>
<h3 id="2-3-细胞"><a href="#2-3-细胞" class="headerlink" title="2.3 细胞"></a>2.3 细胞</h3><h4 id="2-3-1-原核细胞与真核细胞的主要区别"><a href="#2-3-1-原核细胞与真核细胞的主要区别" class="headerlink" title="2.3.1 原核细胞与真核细胞的主要区别"></a>2.3.1 原核细胞与真核细胞的主要区别</h4><p>最根本的区别</p>
<ul>
<li>真核细胞膜系统在原核细胞膜系统基础上有了分化和演变，有了细胞核与细胞器；</li>
<li>真核细胞遗传信息量与遗传装置较原核细胞进行了扩增与复杂化。</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>特征</th>
<th>原核细胞</th>
<th>真核细胞</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>细胞质膜</td>
<td>有（多功能性）</td>
<td>有</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>核膜</td>
<td>无</td>
<td>有</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>染色体</td>
<td>由一个（少数多个）环状DNA分子构成的单个染色体，DNA不与或很少与蛋白质结合</td>
<td>2个染色体以上，染色体由线状DNA与蛋白质组成</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>核仁</td>
<td>无</td>
<td>有</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>核糖体</td>
<td>70S（包括50S与30S的大小亚单位）</td>
<td>80S（包括60S与40S的大小亚单位）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>膜质细胞器</td>
<td>无</td>
<td>有</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>核外DNA</td>
<td>细菌具有裸露的质粒 DNA</td>
<td>线粒体DNA，叶绿体DNA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>细胞壁</td>
<td>主要成分是氨基糖与壁酸</td>
<td>动物细胞无细胞壁，植物细胞细胞壁的主要成分为纤维素与果胶</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>细胞骨架</td>
<td>无</td>
<td>有</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>细胞增殖（分裂）方式</td>
<td>无丝分裂（直接分裂）</td>
<td>以有丝分裂（间接分裂）为主</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4 id="2-3-2-动物细胞与植物细胞的区别"><a href="#2-3-2-动物细胞与植物细胞的区别" class="headerlink" title="2.3.2 动物细胞与植物细胞的区别"></a>2.3.2 动物细胞与植物细胞的区别</h4><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>细胞结构</th>
<th>动物细胞</th>
<th>植物细胞</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>中心体</td>
<td>有</td>
<td>无</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>叶绿体</td>
<td>无</td>
<td>有</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>细胞壁</td>
<td>无</td>
<td>有</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>液泡</td>
<td>无</td>
<td>有</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>胞质分裂方式</td>
<td>缢缩</td>
<td>形成细胞板</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4 id="2-3-3-真核细胞的基本结构体系"><a href="#2-3-3-真核细胞的基本结构体系" class="headerlink" title="2.3.3 真核细胞的基本结构体系"></a>2.3.3 真核细胞的基本结构体系</h4>
    </div>

    
    
    
      
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